Marlboro (blue pack) King-Size Hard Pack 25's Product Weight: 0.915 g Tobacco Weight: 0.648 g Ingredients listed in descending order by weight tobacco water sugars (sucrose and/or invert sugar) propylene glycol glycerol natural & artificial flavourings Notes:. Refer to the “Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients” accompanying this report for the quantities not exceeded and function of the listed ingredients. Flavourings that make up each brand’s unique flavour characteristics are grouped as “natural” and/or “artificial” flavours. Each flavouring grouped under this heading is disclosed the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Details of the non-tobacco ingredients can be found in the 'Composite List of Non-Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Processing aids and preservatives that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product are grouped as 'processing aids' and/or 'preservatives'. Each processing aid and preservative grouped under this heading is disclosed in the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report.
Marlboro (red pack) King-Size Hard Pack 20's Product Weight: 0.919 g Tobacco Weight: 0.724 g Ingredients listed in descending order by weight tobacco water sugars (sucrose and/or invert sugar) propylene glycol glycerol licorice extract guar gum carob bean and/or extract cocoa and cocoa products natural & artificial flavourings Notes:. Refer to the “Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients” accompanying this report for the quantities not exceeded and function of the listed ingredients. Flavourings that make up each brand’s unique flavour characteristics are grouped as “natural” and/or “artificial” flavours. Each flavouring grouped under this heading is disclosed the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report.
Details of the non-tobacco ingredients can be found in the 'Composite List of Non-Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Processing aids and preservatives that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product are grouped as 'processing aids' and/or 'preservatives'. Each processing aid and preservative grouped under this heading is disclosed in the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Marlboro (red pack) King-Size Hard Pack 25's Product Weight: 0.919 g Tobacco Weight: 0.724 g Ingredients listed in descending order by weight tobacco water sugars (sucrose and/or invert sugar) propylene glycol glycerol licorice extract guar gum carob bean and/or extract cocoa and cocoa products natural & artificial flavourings Notes:.
Refer to the “Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients” accompanying this report for the quantities not exceeded and function of the listed ingredients. Flavourings that make up each brand’s unique flavour characteristics are grouped as “natural” and/or “artificial” flavours. Each flavouring grouped under this heading is disclosed the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Details of the non-tobacco ingredients can be found in the 'Composite List of Non-Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Processing aids and preservatives that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product are grouped as 'processing aids' and/or 'preservatives'.
Each processing aid and preservative grouped under this heading is disclosed in the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Marlboro (silver pack) King-Size Hard Pack 25's Product Weight: 0.854 g Tobacco Weight: 0.613 g Ingredients listed in descending order by weight tobacco water propylene glycol sugars (sucrose and/or invert sugar) glycerol guar gum carob bean and/or extract natural & artificial flavourings cocoa and cocoa products Notes:.
Refer to the “Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients” accompanying this report for the quantities not exceeded and function of the listed ingredients. Flavourings that make up each brand’s unique flavour characteristics are grouped as “natural” and/or “artificial” flavours.
Each flavouring grouped under this heading is disclosed the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Details of the non-tobacco ingredients can be found in the 'Composite List of Non-Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Processing aids and preservatives that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product are grouped as 'processing aids' and/or 'preservatives'. Each processing aid and preservative grouped under this heading is disclosed in the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Marlboro Fresh Chill Menthol King-Size Hard Pack 20's Product Weight: 0.880 g Tobacco Weight: 0.648 g Ingredients listed in descending order by weight tobacco water sugars (sucrose and/or invert sugar) propylene glycol glycerol l-menthol licorice extract carob bean and/or extract cocoa and cocoa products natural & artificial flavourings Notes:.
Refer to the “Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients” accompanying this report for the quantities not exceeded and function of the listed ingredients. Flavourings that make up each brand’s unique flavour characteristics are grouped as “natural” and/or “artificial” flavours. Each flavouring grouped under this heading is disclosed the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Details of the non-tobacco ingredients can be found in the 'Composite List of Non-Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Processing aids and preservatives that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product are grouped as 'processing aids' and/or 'preservatives'. Each processing aid and preservative grouped under this heading is disclosed in the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report.
Marlboro Gold Advance King-Size Hard Pack 20's Product Weight: 0.875 g Tobacco Weight: 0.644 g Ingredients listed in descending order by weight tobacco water propylene glycol sugars (sucrose and/or invert sugar) glycerol natural & artificial flavourings Notes:. Refer to the “Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients” accompanying this report for the quantities not exceeded and function of the listed ingredients. Flavourings that make up each brand’s unique flavour characteristics are grouped as “natural” and/or “artificial” flavours. Each flavouring grouped under this heading is disclosed the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report.
Details of the non-tobacco ingredients can be found in the 'Composite List of Non-Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Processing aids and preservatives that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product are grouped as 'processing aids' and/or 'preservatives'. Each processing aid and preservative grouped under this heading is disclosed in the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Marlboro Gold Advance King-Size Hard Pack 25's Product Weight: 0.875 g Tobacco Weight: 0.644 g Ingredients listed in descending order by weight tobacco water propylene glycol sugars (sucrose and/or invert sugar) glycerol natural & artificial flavourings Notes:. Refer to the “Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients” accompanying this report for the quantities not exceeded and function of the listed ingredients.
Flavourings that make up each brand’s unique flavour characteristics are grouped as “natural” and/or “artificial” flavours. Each flavouring grouped under this heading is disclosed the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report.
Details of the non-tobacco ingredients can be found in the 'Composite List of Non-Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Processing aids and preservatives that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product are grouped as 'processing aids' and/or 'preservatives'. Each processing aid and preservative grouped under this heading is disclosed in the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Marlboro Gold Original King-Size Hard Pack 20's Product Weight: 0.896 g Tobacco Weight: 0.655 g Ingredients listed in descending order by weight tobacco water sugars (sucrose and/or invert sugar) propylene glycol glycerol licorice extract guar gum carob bean and/or extract cocoa and cocoa products natural & artificial flavourings Notes:. Refer to the “Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients” accompanying this report for the quantities not exceeded and function of the listed ingredients. Flavourings that make up each brand’s unique flavour characteristics are grouped as “natural” and/or “artificial” flavours.
Each flavouring grouped under this heading is disclosed the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Details of the non-tobacco ingredients can be found in the 'Composite List of Non-Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Processing aids and preservatives that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product are grouped as 'processing aids' and/or 'preservatives'.
Each processing aid and preservative grouped under this heading is disclosed in the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Marlboro Gold Original King-Size Hard Pack 25's Product Weight: 0.896 g Tobacco Weight: 0.655 g Ingredients listed in descending order by weight tobacco water sugars (sucrose and/or invert sugar) propylene glycol glycerol licorice extract guar gum carob bean and/or extract cocoa and cocoa products natural & artificial flavourings Notes:. Refer to the “Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients” accompanying this report for the quantities not exceeded and function of the listed ingredients. Flavourings that make up each brand’s unique flavour characteristics are grouped as “natural” and/or “artificial” flavours. Each flavouring grouped under this heading is disclosed the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report.
Details of the non-tobacco ingredients can be found in the 'Composite List of Non-Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Processing aids and preservatives that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product are grouped as 'processing aids' and/or 'preservatives'. Each processing aid and preservative grouped under this heading is disclosed in the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Marlboro Ice Blast Menthol King-Size Hard Pack 20's Product Weight: 0.876 g Tobacco Weight: 0.579 g Ingredients listed in descending order by weight tobacco water sugars (sucrose and/or invert sugar) propylene glycol glycerol l-menthol licorice extract carob bean and/or extract cocoa and cocoa products natural & artificial flavourings Notes:. Refer to the “Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients” accompanying this report for the quantities not exceeded and function of the listed ingredients.
Flavourings that make up each brand’s unique flavour characteristics are grouped as “natural” and/or “artificial” flavours. Each flavouring grouped under this heading is disclosed the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Details of the non-tobacco ingredients can be found in the 'Composite List of Non-Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Processing aids and preservatives that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product are grouped as 'processing aids' and/or 'preservatives'. Each processing aid and preservative grouped under this heading is disclosed in the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Marlboro Ice Chill Menthol King-Size Hard Pack 20's Product Weight: 0.863 g Tobacco Weight: 0.634 g Ingredients listed in descending order by weight tobacco water propylene glycol l-menthol sugars (sucrose and/or invert sugar) glycerol natural & artificial flavourings Notes:.
This video will act like a guide for you. Will give you all the information. Structural Engineer Michael Scofield turns himself in to the Fox River Penitentiary in order to break out his brother Lincoln Burrows, who is on.
Refer to the “Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients” accompanying this report for the quantities not exceeded and function of the listed ingredients. Flavourings that make up each brand’s unique flavour characteristics are grouped as “natural” and/or “artificial” flavours.
Each flavouring grouped under this heading is disclosed the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Details of the non-tobacco ingredients can be found in the 'Composite List of Non-Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Processing aids and preservatives that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product are grouped as 'processing aids' and/or 'preservatives'. Each processing aid and preservative grouped under this heading is disclosed in the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Marlboro Menthol King-Size Hard Pack 20's Product Weight: 0.870 g Tobacco Weight: 0.619 g Ingredients listed in descending order by weight tobacco water sugars (sucrose and/or invert sugar) propylene glycol glycerol l-menthol licorice extract guar gum carob bean and/or extract cocoa and cocoa products natural & artificial flavourings Notes:.
Refer to the “Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients” accompanying this report for the quantities not exceeded and function of the listed ingredients. Flavourings that make up each brand’s unique flavour characteristics are grouped as “natural” and/or “artificial” flavours.
Each flavouring grouped under this heading is disclosed the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Details of the non-tobacco ingredients can be found in the 'Composite List of Non-Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Processing aids and preservatives that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product are grouped as 'processing aids' and/or 'preservatives'. Each processing aid and preservative grouped under this heading is disclosed in the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Marlboro Menthol King-Size Hard Pack 25's Product Weight: 0.870 g Tobacco Weight: 0.619 g Ingredients listed in descending order by weight tobacco water sugars (sucrose and/or invert sugar) propylene glycol glycerol l-menthol licorice extract guar gum carob bean and/or extract cocoa and cocoa products natural & artificial flavourings Notes:. Refer to the “Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients” accompanying this report for the quantities not exceeded and function of the listed ingredients. Flavourings that make up each brand’s unique flavour characteristics are grouped as “natural” and/or “artificial” flavours.
Each flavouring grouped under this heading is disclosed the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Details of the non-tobacco ingredients can be found in the 'Composite List of Non-Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report.
Processing aids and preservatives that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product are grouped as 'processing aids' and/or 'preservatives'. Each processing aid and preservative grouped under this heading is disclosed in the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Marlboro Silver Fine Scent King-Size Hard Pack 25's Product Weight: 0.895 g Tobacco Weight: 0.644 g Ingredients listed in descending order by weight tobacco water propylene glycol sugars (sucrose and/or invert sugar) glycerol natural & artificial flavourings Notes:. Refer to the “Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients” accompanying this report for the quantities not exceeded and function of the listed ingredients. Flavourings that make up each brand’s unique flavour characteristics are grouped as “natural” and/or “artificial” flavours. Each flavouring grouped under this heading is disclosed the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report.
Details of the non-tobacco ingredients can be found in the 'Composite List of Non-Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report. Processing aids and preservatives that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product are grouped as 'processing aids' and/or 'preservatives'. Each processing aid and preservative grouped under this heading is disclosed in the 'Composite List of Tobacco Ingredients' accompanying this report.
This article is about the cigarette brand produced by Altria (Philip Morris). For other uses, see. Marlboro Product type Owner in the U.S., outside of the U.S. Produced by in the U.S., outside of the U.S. Country Introduced 1924; 95 years ago ( 1924) Markets See Tagline 'Mild As May', 'Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro country', 'You get a lot to like with a Marlboro' Marlboro (:,: ) is an American brand of, currently owned and manufactured by (a branch of ) within the United States, and by (now separate from Altria) outside the United States., is the location of the largest Marlboro cigarette manufacturing plant.
Marlboro is the global best-selling cigarette brand since 1972. A cigarette and a pack of Marlboro Silver Pack (previously called Ultra Lights until the name was banned as deceitful) Philip Morris, a London-based cigarette maker, opened a subsidiary in 1902 to sell many of its cigarette brands. The mark 'Marlboro' was registered in the United States in 1908 although no cigarette was marketed under this name until 1923. In 1924, the brand was launched.
They are first marketed as 'America's luxury cigarette' and were mainly sold in hotels and resorts. Around the 1930s, it was starting to be advertised as a women's cigarette, based on the slogan 'Mild As May'. The name was taken from in where Philip Morris's British factory was located. However, as early as 1885, a brand called 'Marlborough' was already being marketed as a 'ladies' favorite' by & Co. In the 1930s, advertising for the cigarette was primarily based on how ladylike the filter cigarette was, in an attempt to appeal to the mass market.
To this end, the filter had a printed red band around it to hide lipstick stains, calling it 'Beauty Tips to Keep the Paper from Your Lips'. Shortly before, the brand's sales stagnated at less than 1% of tobacco sales in the US and was briefly withdrawn from the market. After the war, and were the only common cigarettes. After scientists linking smoking to in the 1950s, Philip Morris Marlboro as a men's cigarette in order to fit a market niche of men who were concerned about lung cancer.
At the time, filtered cigarettes were considered safer than unfiltered cigarettes, but had been until that time only marketed to women. Men at the time indicated that while they would consider switching to a filtered cigarette, they were concerned about being seen smoking a cigarette marketed to women. The red and white package was designed by the designer. The emblem is placed on top of the pack and has the popular expression ( 'I came; I saw; I conquered'), authored. The repositioning of Marlboro as a men's cigarette was handled by advertiser. The proposed campaign was to present a lineup of manly figures: sea captains, weightlifters, war correspondents, construction workers, etc.
The cowboy was to have been the first in this series. While Philip Morris was concerned about the campaign, they eventually gave the green light. Marlboro's market share rose from less than one percent to the fourth best-selling brand. This convinced Philip Morris to drop the lineup of manly figures and stick with the cowboy, later known as the. From 1963, the television advertisements used 's theme from. In the late 1960s, Marlboro 'Longhorn 100's' were introduced.
Although colour-coded with gold, they were full flavor cigarettes, not lights. In 1972, Marlboro became the best-selling brand of tobacco in the world. In order to comply with a 2006 court ruling in, Philip Morris (and all other cigarette companies) is now prevented from using words such as 'Lights', 'Ultra-Lights', 'Medium', 'Mild', or any similar designation that yields a false impression that they are safer than regular full flavour cigarettes. Thus Marlboro and other cigarette companies must use only color-coding instead; for example, Marlboro Lights are now called Marlboro Gold Pack.
Philip Morris responded to the popularity of, the number three brand, by pushing Marlboro Special Blends, a lower-priced cigarette. Marlboro cigarette pack with a health warning In 2013, Philip Morris International introduced 'Marlboro 2.0'. The pack design was changed; the dark red was replaced with a lighter red, the 'Marlboro' and Philip Morris logo became ribbed and transparent, and around 2017 a special 'SmartSEAL' was introduced to keep the stored cigarettes fresh for a longer period of time. The Marlboro 2.0 packs are mainly available in and some parts of, and, but not in the, (due to ),. In 2015, Philip Morris announced they would introduce a 'Firm Filter' to their Marlboro Red, Gold, Silver Blue, Ice Blast and White Menthol variants. Philip Morris managing director for the United Kingdom and Ireland, Martin Inkster, said that the Firm Filter technique was added to 'offer quality you can feel, and it is a cleaner way to stub out your cigarette'. Advertising In the 1920s, advertising for the cigarette was primarily based on how ladylike the filter cigarette was, in an attempt to appeal to the mass market.
To this end, the filter had a printed red band around it to hide lipstick stains, calling it 'Beauty Tips to Keep the Paper from Your Lips'. The red and white package was designed by the designer. The repositioning of Marlboro as a men's cigarette was handled by advertiser. The proposed campaign was to present a lineup of manly figures: sea captains, weightlifters, war correspondents, construction workers, etc. The cowboy was to have been the first in this series. While Philip Morris was concerned about the campaign, they eventually gave the green light.
Marlboro's market share rose from less than one percent to the fourth best-selling brand. This convinced Philip Morris to drop the lineup of manly figures and stick with the cowboy, later known as the. From 1963, the television advertisements used 's theme from.
Over the years, Philip Morris has made many billboard, poster and magazine adverts. Philip Morris also made various sports-related billboards, stickers and other memorabilia throughout the years, mainly promoting the Marlboro brand via its McLaren and Ferrari teams partnerships in places like. Through licensees, Philip Morris sells various merchandising products, such as lighters, ashtrays, sunglasses and other accessories, which are sometimes given away to the target group as part of promotional promotions.
In 1983, the campaign 'Marlboro Adventure Team Adventure Camp' was launched, for which the participants had to apply, there was a collection of clothing and accessories. Sport sponsorship Formula One. The Marlboro sponsored Ferrari of in Marlboro is well known for its association with. This started in with the sponsorship of team, who took one win at the. In and, the cigarette giant backed team, whose cars were registered as Iso-Marlboro. In, Marlboro became famously associated with the team, which brought it its first Constructors' Championship and its drivers title for. The team was successful through to, with another world champion in in.
Following that, the partnership went through a dry patch until 's Project Four Organization took over the team in. Marlboro-sponsored McLaren dominated F1 for much of the 1980s and early 1990s, with, and between them winning the Drivers' Championship all but one year from to. After the departure in of Ayrton Senna, who died in an accident the following year, Marlboro McLaren did not win a race for three years. Marlboro ended their sponsorship of the team in, which ended the famous red and white McLaren livery. After the end of the season, McLaren was sponsored by from onwards. Over the years, McLaren had to alter the Marlboro livery to comply with regional anti-tobacco sponsorship laws which were in place in countries like, the and later. The Marlboro logo was replaced by a chevron in, with a barcode in and and from to or with 'McLaren' in and from to and to.
At the, 's car was painted yellow and white rather than red and white, to advertise Marlboro Lights. Marlboro also sponsored 's drivers since 1973 (the brand appeared only on helmets and suits) but only in 1984 became a minor sponsor on Ferrari's.
Until then, allowed only technical suppliers brands to appear on his team cars. In 1993, Marlboro began to take over as the primary sponsor, and in 1997 became title sponsor as the team was officially named 'Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro'. Prominent Marlboro branding on Formula One car and team at the. Over the years, Ferrari, just like McLaren, had to alter the Marlboro livery in various ways to comply with regional anti-tobacco sponsoring laws which were in place in countries like, the and later. The Marlboro logo was removed completely or replaced with a white space from to (The Ferrari cars had white spaces over Marlboro occasionally in and ), changed to a 'bar code' from to 1999 and in and, or the text was removed while keeping the chevron with the driver's name and in the team member clothing, the Marlboro logo became a white square with a red stripe above with the driver's written name from the 1980s until. The team used a special livery for the in remembrance of the in the United States; both cars ran without any sponsorship livery and sported matte black nose-cones.
In the the cars sported black nosecones as a sign of mourning for. In September 2005, Ferrari signed an extension of their sponsorship arrangement with Marlboro until 2011. This agreement came at a time when tobacco sponsorship had become wholly illegal in the, and other major F1 teams ended their relationships with tobacco companies. In reporting the deal, magazine judged it to be a 'black day' for the sport, putting non-tobacco funded teams at a disadvantage and discouraging other brands from entering a sport still associated with tobacco. The magazine estimated that in the period between 2005 and 2011, Ferrari received $1 billion from the agreement. Depending on the venue of races and the particular national laws, the Marlboro branding became largely subliminal in most countries. In mid-2006, special 'racing editions' of Marlboro Red were sold in the UK, with a Ferrari-inspired design, although the Ferrari name and badge were not used.
In April 2008, Marlboro displayed explicit on-car branding on Ferrari for the last time, then permanently replaced with a variety of barcodes in place of it. Since then, there were calls from leading health officials, the and influential for a review of the subliminal advertising contract Marlboro has with Advertising Guerrilla and, due to the implications of influencing the purchase of cigarettes with possible subliminal, as no tobacco products can be promoted in sporting events in Europe by law. The Ferrari team claimed the barcode was part of the car design, not an advertising message. The controversial barcode design was removed by Ferrari for the start of the in the, but the barcode remained on drivers' team gear. In January 2011, the Scuderia Ferrari presented a new logo for its racing team. This logo is considered by a specialised F1-website as a subliminal advertisement for Marlboro, evocating the top-left corner design of a Marlboro cigarettes pack.
In June 2011, Ferrari extended its collaboration with Marlboro through to the end of 2015, despite cigarette advertising being banned in the sport. The deal has been subsequently renewed for three more years, through 2018. In February 2018, Philip Morris renewed their partnership deal with Ferrari until the end of 2021. While the logo, which has been in place since 2011, has been removed on this year's car, it is speculated that Ferrari will put Philip Morris' non-tobacco brand instead, bypassing currently in-place laws that prohibit specific advertising of tobacco products.
Marlboro had provided financial support to many racing drivers, the most illustrious of whom are,. From 1970 until the mid-1990s, the logos of the cigaretiers could be present on the combinations of the drivers if they were not present on the cars.
Marlboro has also sponsored many grand prix races up until 2005. Marlboro also sponsored a multitude of other, smaller teams in Formula One.
It was the main sponsor of between and, although unable to match up to its pre-war and 1950s heyday, the team only achieving one pole position, one fastest lap and four podium finishes. In the Italian clothing brand took over Alfa Romeo's livery sponsorship, which they held until the withdrawal of Alfa Romeo from Formula One at the end of. The Marlboro logo was replaced with a barcode at certain races, due to tobacco or alcohol sponsorship bans in place. Marlboro sponsored the team from until, when became their main sponsor. The livery was very similar to the Ferrari and Alfa Romeo ones. The Marlboro logo was displayed on the front and side of the cars and on the drivers helmets.
In some races where explicit tobacco sponsoring was forbidden, the Marlboro logo was removed. Marlboro sponsored the (by the time known as 'Footwork') team in. While, a brand sponsored the car, Marlboro sponsored the drivers helmets.
Marlboro sponsored the team in. The, driven by, and, featured the Marlboro logo on the helmets of the drivers, as well as the Marlboro logo and name on the side of the cars.
Marlboro sponsored the team in. The Marlboro logo was displayed on the helmets of the drivers. Marlboro sponsored the team in. The logo was displayed on the top side of the car, as well as on the helmets of the drivers.
Marlboro sponsored the team from until the team's collapse in. The Marlboro logo's were displayed on the front, side and on the drivers helmets. Marlboro sponsored the team in. The Marlboro logo was displayed on the front and side of the cars and on the drivers helmets. In some races where explicit tobacco sponsoring was forbidden, the Marlboro logo was replaced with a barcode. Marlboro sponsored the team in. The Marlboro logo was displayed on the front and side of the cars and on the drivers helmets.
In some races where explicit tobacco sponsoring was forbidden, the Marlboro logo was replaced with a barcode, but the Chevron logo was retained. Marlboro sponsored in. The Marlboro logo was displayed on the front and side of the cars and on the drivers helmets. In some races where explicit tobacco sponsoring was forbidden, the Marlboro logo was removed.
Marlboro sponsored the team in. The Marlboro logo was displayed on the front and side of the cars and on the drivers helmets. In some races where explicit tobacco sponsoring was forbidden, the Marlboro logo was replaced with a barcode. Marlboro sponsored the team in. The Marlboro logo was displayed on the front and side of the cars and on the drivers helmets.
GP2 From 2005 to 2007, team was sponsored by Marlboro. The Marlboro logo's were prominently shown on the car in the and, but in 2007 the team only sponsored the brand on the rear wing. In countries where the sponsoring of tobacco was forbidden, the Marlboro logos were replaced with a barcode. Grand Prix motorcycle racing.
On a Yamaha YZR500 in 1990. Marlboro entered the in the seventies as personal sponsor of riders like,.
In, Marlboro backed Agostini's team, who raced bikes with little factory support. Since, the cigarette brand sponsored the 500cc works team, which was managed by Agostini until 1989 and then by until 1996. During that period, the Japanese bikes won six World Championship and, as a result of their sponsorship, Marlboro decals on bikes became one of the most popular decal kits that were available. In the nineties, Marlboro's livery also appeared on other bikes, especially the entered by (from 1992 to 1995), (in ) and 's team (in 1997 and 1998) who achieved the 1997 250cc World Championship with. The was again associated with Marlboro between.
Marlboro sponsors the team since. Took his first MotoGP title in. As of the they were only allowed to brand the bikes at one round, in, using the barcode in other races. The controversial barcode design was then removed by Ducati for the start of the in the. In January 2011 the Ducati Team presented a new logo which is regarded as a subliminal advertisement for Marlboro, evocating the top-left corner design of a Marlboro cigarettes pack, similar to the one used by Ferrari.
In January 2018, it was speculated that Ducati will sponsor Philip Morris' non-tobacco brand instead, bypassing currently in-place laws that prohibit specific advertising of tobacco products. Superbike World Championship Marlboro sponsored the Yamaha Dealer Team from its inaugural season in 1988 to 1990. CART/IndyCar.
Driven by in 1993. Marlboro sponsorship in dates back to when the livery appeared on the 's car entered. In hired Fittipaldi and started a 20 years-long association with Marlboro and its distinctive red and white livery. However, in the Marlboro logos were replaced with 'Team Penske' but the team retained the color scheme as Philip Morris USA was still Penske's main sponsor. Was the last year of the Penske-Marlboro association.
24 Hours of Le Mans Since their start in, Marlboro has also sponsored numerous teams and races, from in in 1983 to at the in (despite a tobacco ban in ). Masters of Formula 3 Marlboro sponsored the race in. World Rally Championship Marlboro has a long history in sponsorship, including the factory teams of (between 1972 and 1974), (from to ), and (from to ).
The cigarette brand appeared on helmets and suits of some of the best rally drivers, being personal sponsor of, and others. Between 1987 and 1992, Marlboro backed, appearing on his cars ( in 1987–88 and then since 1989). In 1993 the cigarette brand started an association with Belgian rally driver, who was racing for in the Belgian rally championship. Between 1996 and 1998 Loix raced with Toyota Team Belgium in the WRC, carrying the Marlboro livery on his car. In 1999 he moved to works team, with the iconic livery remaining on successive until the marque's temporary WRC withdrawal at the end of 2002. Marlboro also sponsored the cars of Emirati rally driver and has sponsored a number of rallies including the (between 1982 and 1990), the, the, the, and the. Australian touring car racing Marlboro also sponsored the from 1974 through to 1984.
The Marlboro branding gave rise to some of Australia's most prominently recognizable lauda cars such as the L34 and A9X, as well as the famous VK Group C 'Big Banger' of and Bathurst winning fame. IMSA SportsCar Marlboro sponsored the - Le Mans GT team since 2004 but opting to invisible the Marlboro logo due to the team respecting regulations and also ban of cigarette advertising in sports. Badminton Marlboro sponsored the and from 1984 to 1990, as well as the from 1991 to 1995 and 2001 to 2013. Products. A Japanese pack of Marlboro Ice Blast. This mentholated cigarette also contains a menthol capsule in the filter that can be cracked open by the smoker.
Phillip Morris markets cigarettes, and under the Marlboro brand. International cigarette varieties organized Marlboro products into three divisions – Flavor line, which are original red/full flavor cigarettes, Gold line are former lights and Fresh line comprises flavored cigarettes. Marlboro in Canada Philip Morris sold the rights to the 'Marlboro' name to in 1932. After the brand's successful American relaunch in the 1950s – which later became well known to Canadians through exposure to the brand's international sponsorships and advertising – Philip Morris tried several legal manoeuvres in attempting to reacquire the Canadian rights, to no avail. Imperial Tobacco continues to sell a line of cigarettes under the Marlboro name in Canada, albeit with very different packaging from that of the Philip Morris product.
Philip Morris retains the rights to the 'rooftop' and other elements of Marlboro's branding which were developed after the 1932 sale, and has historically used that trade dress in Canada in combination with the names 'Matador' or occasionally 'Maverick' for a line of Virginia blend cigarettes. In 2006, Philip Morris International's Canadian affiliate introduced a new product with the 'rooftop' trade dress, and marked as being the 'World Famous Imported Blend', but not bearing any actual brand name.
This led to a legal challenge from Imperial, contending that the new packaging created customer confusion by merely suggesting the Marlboro brand, thereby infringing on Imperial's Canadian trademark rights. Canada's ruled in favour of Imperial in June 2012. The judgment noted that Canadian regulations which (in most cases) prohibit the public display of tobacco products at retail locations – i.e., customers must ask for a brand by name – exacerbated the situation, as there were now two products that customers might be referring to when asking for 'Marlboro'. Though PMI is expected to appeal, shortly after the ruling it began using the brand name 'Rooftop' on packaging for the previously unbranded cigarettes. See also. References.
If you are a passionate smoker who can’t stop smoking and want to lower the risk of cancer and other diseases caused by cigarettes, this list will help you to pick the right and the lowest tar and nicotine cigarette brand and type. The cigarette industry plays a huge part in World’s economics. According to and Prevention, companies that produce cigarette spent over 9 billion dollars on advertising their products in the United States which is about 1 million dollars per hour.
As the world population grows each day, there are more smokers who contribute to the cigarette industry to work in full steam. Today the world has 6.7 billion people and tobacco industries are manufacturing more than 5.9 trillion cigarettes altogether. If you divide the number of cigarettes manufactured per year, you will be stunned by the results.
This insane number means the cigarette industries are producing insanely 1,000 cigarettes for every human being on Earth, including children per year. According to the latest reports, Marlboro is still the best cigarette brand on the market. This company is valued for insanely $67.52 billion. With that much manufacturing, the cigarette industry managed to make a new and ‘healthier’ low tar and nicotine cigarettes. It is not that these light cigarettes are healthy or won’t affect your health, but it will significantly lower the risk of some serious illness like lung cancer. Some smokers claim that with switching from strong to light cigarettes they felt eased breathing and less throat scratching. According to, there are also some good benefits from smoking.
This may be strange for you but, they claim that smoking cigarettes will lower the risk of Parkinson’s disease, the risk of obesity, and it will also help the heart drug clopidogrel work better. However, there are also some not very famous companies that produce cigarettes with even lower levels of nicotine and tar compared with the ones in our list. Products like Now 100’s, Cambridge Filters and Carlton Filters contains something less than 0.5 mg of tar and 0.05 mg levels of nicotine. In addition to classic cigarettes, there are also electronic cigarettes. Many of their manufacturers claim they are the “healthier” choice. However, they are still unexplored which means they could be even worse for your health. Even though there are a few good points, you can’t close your eyes to the million serious diseases smoking causes.
Lung cancer is the most common disease among smokers. Many people suffer from it because cigarette smoking is the first risk factor for lung cancer. Only 13 percent of people with lung cancer stay alive more than five years. Smoking can also cause blockages and the narrowing of your arteries which means less blood and oxygen will flow to your heart.
Because smoking is affecting your arteries, this means it could lead to a stroke easily. Despite paralysis and altered brain function, stoke also causes death. In this list, you will find the level of tar and nicotine content of cigarettes as well as a list of cigarettes by strength like Marlboro red nicotine content, Pall Mall nicotine content and Camel cigarettes nicotine content. We collected and sorted information about the 7 cigarette brands with lowest tar and nicotine, provided from one of the biggest online cigarette sellers company and other brand’s official sites that produce cigarettes. With finding the biggest tobacco brands, we managed to find their lightest products.
The products which contain 0.1 mg nicotine and 1 mg we arranged alphabetically.
Comments: I keep telling myself I don't like Marlboro Red 100's because they burn too fast and are kind of harsh. However lately I keep walking into the store intending to pick up some Marlboro Lights 100's or Marlboro Menthol 100's and keep finding myself walking out with 2 Packs of Marlboro Red 100's. I've even got to the point where I'm considering making the drive to the Cigarette store for a carton of Red 100's. I fear that Marlboro Red 100's will soon be something I keep a carton of on hand at all times, or even being 'my regular brand' and smoking nothing but Marlboro Red 100's for long stretches of time. Comments: So I was born a Winston Girl, lights 100's. For me I was very anti Marlboro.
To me it was just like Coke vs Pepsi or Ford vs Chevy and would never consider buying a pack of Marlboro. I'd occasionally bum one back when they were Longhorn Gold 100's and didn't hate them.
As all the popular middle class girls switched to Marlboro Lights 100's I started to pick up the occasional pack. Then one day I picked up Marlboro Menthol 100's and really really liked them as a change of pace. Then it was my pack of choice when ever I was buying packs.
Then one day it happened I was picking out an outfit and grabbed my shiny red cigarette case and thought 'you know this is Marlboro Red red and they would look really good in this case. So I immediately bought a pack, my first pack of 'Reds' of any kind. I found them a little harsh and went on my way until I was standing in line looking at the lines of packs behind the counter intending to get the Marlboro Menthol 100's, but the Marlboro 100's were calling my name. I still found them a little harsh and stayed away for a while again. I continued to pick up a pack every month or two until this week when I found the Marlboro 100's were cheaper than the Lights 100's so I picked up 2 packs. Now I'm in love and have filled out my shopping list for a carton of Marlboro 100's when I make my next trip to the Indian Smoke shop.
Comments: Where do I start? I tried smoking as a treat recently, after having quit 15 years ago. That being said, I smoked these for 6 years from 1996 to about 2003. They are NOTHING like what I remember c. They are weaker, and taste like CRAP. They taste like chemicals, paper, and pinch of salt.
The thing is, they are very irritating to my throat and chest! I have smoked RYO over the past month, and Like I said I used to smoke so its not like I am a sissy or something. They are IRRITATING like I am being choked for hours afterwards. I am not an old man but these make me feel like 105 years old instantly. Holy. what do they put in this. nowadays?
Save your $ and get a bag of bugler. How the hell did Phil make this cig 100x more harsh than an UNFILTERED full bodied cig? Comments: I do love my Marlboro Menthol 100's. Just when I didn't think I could love them more they redesigned the packs to make them better than ever.
The textured MARLBORO and replacing the printed on texture with real texture drove me over the edge. They textured packs make them feel like a premium cigarette. I had been off of Menthols for several months and they had them for 75 cents off a pack so I picked one up. I just about lost it then and there when I got to my car, started to pack them and realized that they were a new pack.
I've been smoking them almost exclusively since. The problem is that there are still some of the last pack where they just added the embossed MARLBORO. LOVE, LOVE, LOVE my MARLBORO Menthol 100's.
Best Menthol 100's EVAR. Kisses, Sahrah. Disclosure: “We are a professional review site that receives compensation from the companies whose products we review.
We test each product thoroughly and give high marks to only the very best. We are independently owned and the opinions expressed here are our own.” Copyright © 2003-2017 CigReviews.com. Any use of materials on this Web site, including reproduction, modification, distribution, or republication, without the prior written permission of CigReviews.com is strictly prohibited. CigReviews.com makes no warranties or representations of any kind with respect to this site or any of the contents within.
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A Marlboro Man on a tobacco advertisement (, 2000). First appearance 1954 Last appearance 1999 Created by Information Gender Male Occupation The Marlboro Man is a figure used in for. In the United States, where the campaign originated, it was used from 1954 to 1999. The Marlboro Man was first conceived by in 1954. The images initially featured rugged men portrayed in a variety of roles but later primarily featured a rugged or cowboys, in picturesque wild terrain. The advertisements were originally conceived as a way to popularize, which at the time were considered feminine. The Marlboro advertising campaign, created by, is said to be one of the most brilliant advertisement campaigns of all time.
It transformed a feminine campaign, with the 'Mild as May', into one that was masculine, in a matter of months. The first models were a Navy Lieutenant and Andy Armstrong, the ad agency’s art supervisor. Other early models were sales promotion director of Philip Morris, Robert Larking, and others from the Leo Burnett ad agency, Lee Stanley and Owen Smith. A number of models who have portrayed the Marlboro Man have died of smoking-related diseases. Cowboys proved to be popular, which led to the 'Marlboro Cowboy' and 'Marlboro Country' campaigns. The slogan 'Come to Marlboro Country' promised every ordinary man the prospect of transforming himself into, or at least associating himself with, a rugged and macho cowboy merely by lighting up this Philip Morris product. A satirical reference to the advertisement was made in the 's 1965 song: 'When I'm watchin' my TV and a man comes on and tells me how white my shirts can be, but he can't be a man 'cause he doesn't smoke the same cigarettes as me'.
Contents. Origins (now ) had originally introduced the Marlboro brand as a woman's cigarette in 1924. Starting in the early 1950s, the cigarette industry began to focus on promoting filtered cigarettes, as a response to the emerging scientific data about harmful effects of smoking.
Under the impression that filtered cigarettes were safer, Marlboro, as well as other brands, started to be sold with filters. However, filtered cigarettes, Marlboro in particular, were considered to be women’s cigarettes. During market research in the 1950s, men indicated that while they would consider switching to a filtered cigarette, they were concerned about being seen smoking a cigarette marketed to women. The repositioning of Marlboro as a men's cigarette was handled by advertiser. Most filtered cigarette advertising sought to make claims about the technology behind the filter: through the use of complex terminology and scientific claims regarding the filter, the cigarette industry wanted to ease fears about the harmful effects of cigarette smoking through risk reduction.
However, Leo Burnett decided to address the growing fears through an entirely different approach: creating ads completely void of health concerns or health claims of the filtered cigarette. Burnett felt that making claims about the effectiveness of filters furthered concerns of the long-term effects of smoking.
Thus, refusing to respond to health claims matched the emergent, masculine image of the New Marlboro. The proposed campaign was to present a lineup of manly figures: sea captains, weightlifters, war correspondents, construction workers, etc. The cowboy was to have been the first in this series. Burnett's inspiration for the exceedingly masculine 'Marlboro Man' icon came in 1949 from an issue of magazine, whose photograph (shot by Leonard McCombe) and story of Texas cowboy caught his attention.
Within a year, Marlboro's market share rose from less than one percent to the fourth best-selling brand. This convinced Philip Morris to drop the lineup of manly figures and stick with the cowboy. In the mid fifties, the cowboy image was popularized by actor in 3 page magazine ads and in TV ads. Using another approach to expand the Marlboro Man market base, Philip Morris felt the prime market was 'post adolescent kids who were just beginning to smoke as a way of declaring their independence from their parents.' When the new Marlboro Country theme opened in late 1963, the actors utilized as Marlboro Man were replaced, for the most part, with real working cowboys. In the same year the campaign began to use 's 1960 theme music from.
'In 1963, at the 6 6 6 6 Ranch in Guthrie, Texas, they discovered Carl 'Big-un' Bradley. He was the first real cowboy they used, and from then on the lead Marlboro men were real cowboys, rodeo riders, stuntmen.'
Another of this new breed of real cowboys was Max Bryan 'Turk' Robinson, of Hugo, Oklahoma; Turk says that he was recruited for the role while at a rodeo simply standing around behind the chutes, as was the custom for cowboys who had not yet ridden their event. It took only a few years for the results to register. By 1972, the new Marlboro Man would have so much market appeal that Marlboro cigarettes were catapulted to the top of the tobacco industry. Finding the Marlboro Man Initially, cowboy commercials involving the Marlboro Man featured paid models, such as, pretending to carry out cowboy tasks. However, Burnett felt that the commercials lacked authenticity, as it was apparent that the subjects were not real cowboys and did not have the desired rugged look. One of the finest was a non-smoking rodeo cowboy, Max Bryan 'Turk' Robinson, who was recruited at a rodeo. Leo Burnett was not satisfied with the cowboy actors found.
Broadway and MGM movie actor won the role as the first Marlboro Man in the early 1960s as he looked the part. Burnett then came across, who worked on a ranch, after a Cattle Rancher by the name Keith Alexander declined the role because he did not believe in smoking. Leo Burnett’s creative director was awed when he first saw Winfield: 'I had seen cowboys, but I had never seen one that just really, like, he sort of scared the hell out of me (as he was so much a real cowboy).' Winfield’s immediate authenticity led to his 20-year run as the Marlboro Man, which lasted until the late 1980s.
Upon Winfield’s retirement, Philip Morris reportedly spent $300 million searching for a new Marlboro Man. After appearing as the Marlboro Man in 1987 advertising, former rodeo cowboy landed a lead role in 's feature film (1989), with. Results The use of the Marlboro Man campaign had very significant and immediate effects on sales. In 1955, when the Marlboro Man campaign was started, sales were at $5 billion. By 1957, sales were at $20 billion, representing a 300% increase within two years.
Philip Morris easily overcame growing health concerns through the Marlboro Man campaign, highlighting the success as well as the tobacco industry’s strong ability to use mass marketing to influence the public. The immediate success of the Marlboro Man campaign led to heavy imitation. Old Golds adopted the tagline marking it a cigarette for 'independent thinkers'. Chesterfield depicted cowboy and other masculine occupations to match their tagline: 'Men of America' smoke Chesterfields.
Smoking-related deaths Five men who claimed to have appeared in Marlboro-related advertisements —, Eric Lawson and Jerome Edward Jackson, aka Tobin Jackson — died of smoking-related diseases, thus earning Marlboro cigarettes, specifically Marlboro Reds, the nickname 'Cowboy killers'. Wayne McLaren testified in favor of anti-smoking legislation at the age of 51. During the time of McLaren's anti-smoking activism, Philip Morris denied that McLaren ever appeared in a Marlboro ad, a position it later amended to maintain that while he did appear in ads, he was not the Marlboro Man; Winfield held that title.
In response, McLaren produced an affidavit from a talent agency that had represented him, along with a pay check stub, asserting he had been paid for work on a 'Marlboro print' job. McLaren died before his 52nd birthday in 1992. David McLean died of lung cancer at the age 73 in 1995. After his death, his widow, Lilo McLean, sued Philip Morris, claiming that McLean's disease was brought on because he had to smoke multiple packs of cigarettes during advertising shoots. Her case was dismissed and she was forced to pay the cigarette company's court case costs. Eric Lawson, who appeared in Marlboro print ads from 1978 to 1981, died at the age of 72 on January 10, 2014, of respiratory failure due to, or COPD.
A smoker since age 14, Lawson later appeared in an anti-smoking commercial that parodied the Marlboro Man, and also in an Entertainment Tonight segment to discuss the negative effects of smoking. Jerome Edward Jackson, aka Tobin Jackson, died of lung cancer in 2008, and was a former owner of the world-renowned 'Deer Run' Mastiff kennels. Cowboys Marlboro television and print ads used several real-life cowboys. The Cowboy and His Elephant, which is ostensibly a biography of Bob Norris and mainly focuses on his raising an elephant on his ranch, also describes how Norris came to be photographed for Life magazine and become the Marlboro Man for the next 12 years. From 1964 to 1978, Wayne Dunafon was a 'Marlboro Man'.
He was a rancher in Kansas in addition to a long-time competitive rodeo rider. He died of natural causes in 2001. The most famous of the 'Marlboro Men' lived a long life after fading from the public limelight., a resident of Riverton, Wyoming, was the longest living Marlboro Man to appear on billboards and in advertisements. Leo Burnett Ad Agency discovered him in 1968 while he was working on the Quarter Circle 5 Ranch in Wyoming.
Winfield's chiseled rugged good looks made him the macho face of Marlboro cigarettes on television, in newspapers, magazines and on billboards, from the 1968 to 1989. Winfield was survived by his wife, a son, five daughters, and grandchildren.
Decline In many countries, the Marlboro Man is an icon of the past due to increasing pressure on tobacco advertising for health reasons, especially where the practice of smoking appears to be celebrated or glorified. The deaths described above may also have made it more difficult to use the campaign without attracting negative comment. The Marlboro Man image continued until at least the early 2000s, in countries such as, and the. It still continues in the United States, and Japan (on tobacco vending machines, for example), where smoking is widespread in the male population. Death in the West. The Denver Post, January 15, 1991 Page 9A online at. Not always smoking or holding a cigarette, sometimes the cowboy was just a small silhouette in a large landscape, but the brand name or an image of a packet of the product was always shown in large size.
Katie Connolly (3 January 2011). The New Advertising: The Great Campaigns from Avis to Volkswagen by Robert Glatzer, Page 127; online at. Ad Age article by John Mcdonough.
Published on July 31, 1995: online at. Advertising Age, April 30, 1980 (Special Anniversary Issue), Page 12 'How the ‘Marlboro Man’ Flexed His Muscles and Became No. 1'; online at. One such Marlboro Man was Robert Norris, a rancher discovered on his Colorado Ranch in the early 1960s as the ad shoot was in progress. Norris replaced the hired male model. He remained in the role for 12 years.
List Of All Marlboro Cigarettes
On January 10, 2014, Eric Lawson, who portrayed the rugged Marlboro man in cigarette ads during the late 1970s, has died. Brandt, A. The Cigarette Century. New York: Basic Books. ^ Erin Barrett and Jack Mingo, ed.
Privy's Original Bathroom Companion. Martin's Press. Barry, A. Visual Intelligence: Perception, Image and Manipulation in Visual Communications. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Cartwright, Gary, 'The Death of the Marlboro Man', Texas Monthly, Sept 1973. Kilgannon, Corey (3 August 2012). Retrieved 5 August 2012. Blaszczyk, R. Producing Fashion: Commerce, Culture and Consumers. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press., 'West of California: A Visit With the Marlboro Man. 5 (September–October 1971): 42–48.
The Kings of Madison Avenue. New York: St. Martins Press. Moellinger, T., & Craig, S.
Need for speed full game download free. 'So Rich, So Mild, So Fresh': A Critical Look at TV Cigarette Commercials: 1948–1971. The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2014., Herald-Journal. Accessed 18 November 2007. The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
28 May 2001 ',. Accessed 28 July 2005. Accessed 28 July 2005. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
Associated Press. Retrieved 2014-01-27. MacPherson, Malcolm (2001). The Cowboy and His Elephant: The Story of a Remarkable Friendship. Martin's Press. Pp. 65–69, 73.
The Associated Press (July 11, 2001). Lawrence Journal. Ogden Newspapers. The Associated Press (January 16, 2015). Riverton, Wyoming: U.S. News & World Report L.P. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
Washington, Tom (May 14, 2001). Retrieved June 2, 2014. The New York Times. Adam Hochschild (March–April 1996).
Mother Jones. California Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation (1983). Archived from on 2013-08-01. Internet Archive.
External links Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Death in the West (1983) at. Death in the West (1983) at YouTube:,.
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